Azerbaijan’s External Trade Benefited From 2022 Geopolitical Turmoil Through Higher Oil And Gas Prices
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Benefitting from geopolitical turmoil
The momentum of post-Covid recovery is gradually fading for Azerbaijan, but the country has two tactical strengths: gas and fiscal reserves. With the EU headed to lose Russia as a supplier of 150bcm of gas annually, the vast Shakh-Deniz is a big asset. Also, the country has some fiscal space for providing more support to the household income. Azerbaijan’s strong external and fiscal position should make it easy to place Eurobonds at the end of 2023, which are needed to refinance existing debt anyway. The risks to the local markets are coming from locally driven stories, such as long-standing tensions with Armenia, high inflationary risks driven by import-dependency, as well as a small and highly dollarized local banking sector.
Activity slowing, but gas and budget policy offer support
GDP showed 5.6% YoY growth in 9M22 but has moderated since 3Q22 due to maturing oil fields and declining household income. On the bright side, the fuel sector should remain supported by growing gas production, as gas supply to the EU is set to double to 10-12bcm in 2022 vs 2021 and could increase to 20bcm by 2027 if the EU were to guarantee this demand, giving Azerbaijan confidence to commit to vast capex. Meanwhile, the non-fuel sector may get fiscal support as the current c.US$75/bbl breakeven leaves room for generosity. Support on Karabakh may increase from 2.3-2.4% to 2.8-3.0% of GDP in 2023, while direct support to low-income households may rise from the current 11-12% to 14% of GDP, leaving the non-oil deficit at a sizeable 26-28% of non-oil GDP but still well covered by oil revenues.
Current account supported by geopolitics
The geopolitical turmoil of 2022 has created favorable conditions for Azerbaijan’s external trade through higher oil and gas prices and additional demand for gas volumes from the EU, partially offsetting the supply that used to come from Russia. The current account is set expand from 15% to 21% of GDP in 2022 and may remain close to those levels in 2023 assuming a favorable house view on oil. A sizeable 30-40% of it will be used to gain sovereign FX assets. Meanwhile, a US$1.0-1.2bn Eurobond placement is planned for end2023 to refinance the debt maturing in early 2024. This is likely to be met with demand given the country’s solid financial position. On the other hand, the stable net FDI outflow of 2-4% of GDP remains a sign of the challenging investment climate.
Inflation close to peaks, but local risks are still high
Azerbaijan is no exception to the post-Covid global inflationary trend, with CPI accelerating from 3-5% in 2020 to 15%+ currently. The pass-through of global trends into local CPI could be amplified due to high import-dependency of local consumption. Around 25-30% of local retail trade is imported, and food self-sufficiency is low. As a result, even though current CPI feels like a peak, average CPI should remain in low double digits in 2023, and upward risks to year-end expectations are high. Downside to the key rate is limited as CPI is well above the target range of 2-6%. Monetary transmission is restrained by the small banking sector, pegged FX, and high dollarization of deposits of around 49-51% in 2021-22.
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