China remains key for iron ore direction
Iron ore was one of the worst-performing commodities in 2022. Concerns over Chinese macroeconomic performance and Covid-19-related disruptions were key to driving prices lower. China alone accounts for about two-thirds of seaborne iron ore demand.
The Chinese economy has slowed since the second quarter of 2022, mainly due to strict Covid measures that disrupted port and land logistics, retail sales and catering, and caused temporary shutdowns of factories in some key manufacturing locations. Even when restrictions were eased, a mixture of a weak domestic economy and high external inflation hit manufacturing in the fourth quarter of 2022. In addition, real estate developers have struggled to get enough cash to complete residential projects.
The Chinese economy expanded by 3% last year, the second slowest pace since the 1970s, according to the latest official figures. This followed zero growth in the fourth quarter. With a stronger end to 2022 than expected, our China economist has revised its GDP growth outlook upward to 5% in 2023. That is not to ignore the fact that China still faces considerable headwinds, including external demand, with recessions likely in the US and Europe this year.
In our November Commodities outlook, we said the direction for iron ore is going to largely depend on how China approached any further Covid outbreaks as well as the scale of stimulus the Chinese government unveils.
Since the release of this report, most Covid measures have been removed and the virus was officially downgraded on 8 January, when international arrivals were no longer required to quarantine. China’s abrupt exit from its zero-Covid policy and improving reopening sentiment have supported iron ore prices so far in 2023.
In recent weeks, Beijing has also stepped up policy support for its ailing property sector. In its most recent move, China is planning to allow some property firms to add leverage by easing borrowing caps and pushing back the grace period for meeting debt targets. The move would relax the strict “three red lines” policy that had contributed to a historic property downturn, hitting demand for industrial metals.
China’s property sector accounts for almost 40% of its steel consumption. That sector has been in a steep decline for more than a year amid continued tightening of housing measures across China since March when cities began to introduce a sales ban.
And although the government has stepped up its support for the property market, the effects have been slow to kick in. China’s home sales continued to slump in December. The 100 biggest real estate developers saw new home sales drop 30.8% from a year earlier to 677.5 billion yuan ($98.2bn) in December, according to preliminary data from China Real Estate Information Corp. That compared with a 25.5% decline in November.
We believe more stimulus and infrastructure spending could be unveiled at the National People’s Congress in March, which is likely to boost demand for commodities further.
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